English Grammar
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Transformation: Complex to Simple
Complex to Simple:
A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence.
একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।
Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.
On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause is called a Simple sentence.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না।
Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2:
When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when + replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3:
When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.
যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.
Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.
Rule 4:
When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.
যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.
কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।
Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.
যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.
Rule 6:
To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed: Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.
Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.
যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Rule 7:
If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to + the rest of the sentence.
যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.
Rule 8:
If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to + the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too weak to come.
Rule 9:
When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s possessive form + being in the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:
Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.